Contents

1. Acknowledgments

   Jessie A. Key

2. Dedication

3. About BCcampus Open Education

4. Chapter 1. What is Chemistry

   1. Some Basic Definitions

   2. Chemistry as a Science

5. Chapter 2. Measurements

   1. Expressing Numbers

   2. Significant Figures

   3. Converting Units

   4. Other Units: Temperature and Density

   5. Expressing Units

   6. End-of-Chapter Material

6. Chapter 3. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

   1. Acids

   2. Ions and Ionic Compounds

   3. Masses of Atoms and Molecules

   4. Molecules and Chemical Nomenclature

   5. Atomic Theory

   6. End-of-Chapter Material

7. Chapter 4. Chemical Reactions and Equations

   1. The Chemical Equation

   2. Types of Chemical Reactions: Single- and Double-Displacement Reactions

   3. Ionic Equations: A Closer Look

   4. Composition, Decomposition, and Combustion Reactions

   5. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

   6. Neutralization Reactions

   7. End-of-Chapter Material

8. Chapter 5. Stoichiometry and the Mole

   1. Stoichiometry

   2. The Mole

   3. Mole-Mass and Mass-Mass Calculations

   4. Limiting Reagents

   5. The Mole in Chemical Reactions

   6. Yields

   7. End-of-Chapter Material

9. Chapter 6. Gases

   1. Pressure

   2. Gas Laws

   3. Other Gas Laws

   4. The Ideal Gas Law and Some Applications

   5. Gas Mixtures

   6. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

   7. Molecular Effusion and Diffusion

   8. Real Gases

   9. End-of-Chapter Material

10. Chapter 7. Energy and Chemistry

    1. Formation Reactions

    2. Energy

    3. Stoichiometry Calculations Using Enthalpy

    4. Enthalpy and Chemical Reactions

    5. Work and Heat

    6. Hess’s Law

    7. End-of-Chapter Material

11. Chapter 8. Electronic Structure

    1. Light

    2. Quantum Numbers for Electrons

    3. Organization of Electrons in Atoms

    4. Electronic Structure and the Periodic Table

    5. Periodic Trends

    6. End-of-Chapter Material

12. Chapter 9. Chemical Bonds

    1. Lewis Electron Dot Diagrams

    2. Electron Transfer: Ionic Bonds

    3. Covalent Bonds

    4. Other Aspects of Covalent Bonds

    5. Violations of the Octet Rule

    6. Molecular Shapes and Polarity

    7. Valence Bond Theory and Hybrid Orbitals

       Jessie A. Key

    8. Molecular Orbitals

       Jessie A. Key

    9. End-of-Chapter Material

13. Chapter 10. Solids and Liquids

    1. Properties of Liquids

    2. Solids

    3. Phase Transitions: Melting, Boiling, and Subliming

    4. Intermolecular Forces

    5. End-of-Chapter Material

14. Chapter 11. Solutions

    1. Colligative Properties of Solutions

    2. Concentrations as Conversion Factors

    3. Quantitative Units of Concentration

    4. Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutes

    5. Some Definitions

    6. Dilutions and Concentrations

    7. End-of-Chapter Material

15. Chapter 12. Acids and Bases

    1. Acid-Base Titrations

    2. Strong and Weak Acids and Bases and Their Salts

    3. Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

    4. Arrhenius Acids and Bases

    5. Autoionization of Water

    6. Buffers

    7. The pH Scale

    8. End-of-Chapter Material

16. Chapter 13. Chemical Equilibrium

    1. Chemical Equilibrium

    2. The Equilibrium Constant

    3. Shifting Equilibria: Le Chatelier’s Principle

    4. Calculating Equilibrium Constant Values

    5. Some Special Types of Equilibria

    6. End-of-Chapter Material

17. Chapter 14. Oxidation and Reduction

    1. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

    2. Balancing Redox Reactions

    3. Applications of Redox Reactions: Voltaic Cells

    4. Electrolysis

    5. End-of-Chapter Material

18. Chapter 15. Nuclear Chemistry

    1. Units of Radioactivity

    2. Uses of Radioactive Isotopes

    3. Half-Life

    4. Radioactivity

    5. Nuclear Energy

    6. End-of-Chapter Material

19. Chapter 16. Organic Chemistry

    1. Hydrocarbons

    2. Branched Hydrocarbons

    3. Alkyl Halides and Alcohols

    4. Other Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups

    5. Other Functional Groups

    6. Polymers

    7. End-of-Chapter Material

20. Chapter 17. Kinetics

    1. Factors that Affect the Rate of Reactions

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    2. Reaction Rates

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    3. Rate Laws

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    4. Concentration–Time Relationships: Integrated Rate Laws

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    5. Activation Energy and the Arrhenius Equation

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    6. Reaction Mechanisms

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    7. Catalysis

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    8. End-of-Chapter Material

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21. Chapter 18. Chemical Thermodynamics

    1. Spontaneous Change

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    2. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

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    3. Measuring Entropy and Entropy Changes

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    4. Gibbs Free Energy

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    5. Spontaneity: Free Energy and Temperature

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    6. Free Energy under Nonstandard Conditions

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    7. End-of-Chapter Material

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22. Appendix A: Periodic Table of the Elements

    David W. Ball

23. Appendix B: Selected Acid Dissociation Constants at 25°C

24. Appendix C: Solubility Constants for Compounds at 25°C

25. Appendix D: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Chemical Substances at 25°C

26. Appendix E: Standard Reduction Potentials by Value

27. Glossary

    Jessie A. Key

28. About the Authors

29. Versioning History