Table of Contents – Physical Geology

Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments
About BCcampus Open Education
Chapter 1 Introduction to Geology
1. 1.1 What Is Geology?
2. 1.2 Why Study Earth?
3. 1.3 What Do Geologists Do?
4. 1.4 Minerals and Rocks
5. 1.5 Fundamentals of Plate Tectonics
6. 1.6 Geological Time
7. Chapter 1 Summary
Chapter 2 Minerals
1. 2.1 Electrons, Protons, Neutrons, and Atoms
2. 2.2 Bonding and Lattices
3. 2.3 Mineral Groups
4. 2.4 Silicate Minerals
5. 2.5 Formation of Minerals
6. 2.6 Mineral Properties
7. Chapter 2 Summary
Chapter 3 Intrusive Igneous Rocks
1. 3.1 The Rock Cycle
2. 3.2 Magma and Magma Formation
3. 3.3 Crystallization of Magma
4. 3.4 Classification of Igneous Rocks
5. 3.5 Intrusive Igneous Bodies
6. Chapter 3 Summary
Chapter 4 Volcanism
1. 4.1 Plate Tectonics and Volcanism
2. 4.2 Magma Composition and Eruption Style
3. 4.3 Types of Volcanoes
4. 4.4 Volcanic Hazards
5. 4.5 Monitoring Volcanoes and Predicting Eruptions
6. 4.6 Volcanoes in British Columbia
7. Chapter 4 Summary
Chapter 5 Weathering and Soil
1. 5.1 Mechanical Weathering
2. 5.2 Chemical Weathering
3. 5.3 The Products of Weathering and Erosion
4. 5.4 Weathering and the Formation of Soil
5. 5.5 The Soils of Canada
6. 5.6 Weathering and Climate Change
7. Chapter 5 Summary
Chapter 6 Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
1. 6.1 Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
2. 6.2 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
3. 6.3 Depositional Environments and Sedimentary Basins
4. 6.4 Sedimentary Structures and Fossils
5. 6.5 Groups, Formations, and Members
6. Chapter 6 Summary
Chapter 7 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks
1. 7.1 Controls over Metamorphic Processes
2. 7.2 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
3. 7.3 Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism
4. 7.4 Regional Metamorphism
5. 7.5 Contact Metamorphism and Hydrothermal Processes
6. Chapter 7 Summary
Chapter 8 Measuring Geological Time
1. 8.1 The Geological Time Scale
2. 8.2 Relative Dating Methods
3. 8.3 Dating Rocks Using Fossils
4. 8.4 Isotopic Dating Methods
5. 8.5 Other Dating Methods
6. 8.6 Understanding Geological Time
7. Chapter 8 Summary
Chapter 9 Earth’s Interior
1. 9.1 Understanding Earth through Seismology
2. 9.2 The Temperature of Earth’s Interior
3. 9.3 Earth’s Magnetic Field
4. 9.4 Isostasy
5. Chapter 9 Summary
Chapter 10 Plate Tectonics
1. 10.1 Alfred Wegener — the Father of Plate Tectonics
2. 10.2 Global Geological Models of the Early 20th Century
3. 10.3 Geological Renaissance of the Mid-20th Century
4. 10.4 Plates, Plate Motions, and Plate-Boundary Processes
5. 10.5 Mechanisms for Plate Motion
6. Chapter 10 Summary
Chapter 11 Earthquakes
1. 11.1 What Is an Earthquake?
2. 11.2 Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics
3. 11.3 Measuring Earthquakes
4. 11.4 The Impacts of Earthquakes
5. 11.5 Forecasting Earthquakes and Minimizing Damage and Casualties
6. Chapter 11 Summary
Chapter 12 Geological Structures
1. 12.1 Stress and Strain
2. 12.2 Folding
3. 12.3 Fracturing and Faulting
4. 12.4 Measuring Geological Structures
5. Chapter 12 Summary
Chapter 13 Streams and Floods
1. 13.1 The Hydrological Cycle
2. 13.2 Drainage Basins
3. 13.3 Stream Erosion and Deposition
4. 13.4 Stream Types
5. 13.5 Flooding
6. Chapter 13 Summary
Chapter 14 Groundwater
1. 14.1 Groundwater and Aquifers
2. 14.2 Groundwater Flow
3. 14.3 Groundwater Extraction
4. 14.4 Groundwater Quality
5. Chapter 14 Summary
Chapter 15 Mass Wasting
1. 15.1 Factors That Control Slope Stability
2. 15.2 Classification of Mass Wasting
3. 15.3 Preventing, Delaying, Monitoring, and Mitigating Mass Wasting
4. Chapter 15 Summary
Chapter 16 Glaciation
1. 16.1 Glacial Periods in Earth’s History
2. 16.2 How Glaciers Work
3. 16.3 Glacial Erosion
4. 16.4 Glacial Deposition
5. Chapter 16 Summary
Chapter 17 Shorelines
1. 17.1 Waves
2. 17.2 Landforms of Coastal Erosion
3. 17.3 Landforms of Coastal Deposition
4. 17.4 Sea-Level Change
5. 17.5 Human Interference with Shorelines
6. Chapter 17 Summary
Chapter 18 Geology of the Oceans
1. 18.1 The Topography of the Sea Floor
2. 18.2 The Geology of the Oceanic Crust
3. 18.3 Sea-Floor Sediments
4. 18.4 Ocean Water
5. Chapter 18 Summary
Chapter 19 Climate Change
1. 19.1 What Makes the Climate Change?
2. 19.2 Anthropogenic Climate Change
3. 19.3 Implications of Climate Change
4. Chapter 19 Summary
Chapter 20 Geological Resources
1. 20.1 Metal Deposits
2. 20.2 Industrial Minerals
3. 20.3 Fossil Fuels
4. 20.4 Diamonds
5. Chapter 20 Summary
Chapter 21 Geological History of Western Canada
1. 21.1 Geological History of Canada
2. 21.2 Western Canada during the Precambrian
3. 21.3 Western Canada during the Paleozoic
4. 21.4 Western Canada during the Mesozoic
5. 21.5 Western Canada during the Cenozoic
6. Chapter 21 Summary
Chapter 22 The Origin of Earth and the Solar System
1. Chapter 22 The Origin of Earth and the Solar System
  Karla Panchuk, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan
2. 22.1 Starting with a Big Bang
  Karla Panchuk, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan
3. 22.2 Forming Planets from the Remnants of Exploding Stars
  Karla Panchuk, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan
4. 22.3 How to Build a Solar System
  Karla Panchuk, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan
5. 22.4 Earth’s First 2 Billion Years
  Karla Panchuk, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan
6. 22.5 Are There Other Earths?
  Karla Panchuk, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan
7. Chapter 22 Summary
  Karla Panchuk, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan
Glossary
About the Author
Appendix 1 List of Geologically Important elements and the Periodic Table
Appendix 2 Answers to Review Questions
Appendix 3 Answers to Exercises
Versioning History