CHAPTER 2 Operations with Rational Numbers and Introduction to Real Numbers
2.4 Introduction to the Real Numbers
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Identify integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and real numbers
- Locate fractions on the number line
- Locate decimals on the number line
Identify Integers, Rational Numbers, Irrational Numbers, and Real Numbers
We have already described numbers as counting numbers, whole numbers, and integers. What is the difference between these types of numbers?
What type of numbers would we get if we started with all the integers and then included all the fractions? The numbers we would have form the set of rational numbers. A rational number is a number that can be written as a ratio of two integers.
Rational Number
A rational number is a number of the form , where p and q are integers and .
A rational number can be written as the ratio of two integers.
All signed fractions, such as are rational numbers. Each numerator and each denominator is an integer.
Are integers rational numbers? To decide if an integer is a rational number, we try to write it as a ratio of two integers. Each integer can be written as a ratio of integers in many ways. For example, 3 is equivalent to
An easy way to write an integer as a ratio of integers is to write it as a fraction with denominator one.
Since any integer can be written as the ratio of two integers, all integers are rational numbers! Remember that the counting numbers and the whole numbers are also integers, and so they, too, are rational.
What about decimals? Are they rational? Let’s look at a few to see if we can write each of them as the ratio of two integers.
We’ve already seen that integers are rational numbers. The integer could be written as the decimal . So, clearly, some decimals are rational.
Think about the decimal 7.3. Can we write it as a ratio of two integers? Because 7.3 means , we can write it as an improper fraction, . So 7.3 is the ratio of the integers 73 and 10. It is a rational number.
In general, any decimal that ends after a number of digits (such as 7.3 or is a rational number. We can use the place value of the last digit as the denominator when writing the decimal as a fraction.
EXAMPLE 1
Write as the ratio of two integers: a) b) 7.31
| a) Write it as a fraction with denominator 1. |
|
| b) Write it as a mixed number. Remember, 7 is the whole number and the decimal part, 0.31, indicates hundredths. Convert to an improper fraction. |
So we see that and 7.31 are both rational numbers, since they can be written as the ratio of two integers.
TRY IT 1.1
Write as the ratio of two integers: a) b) 3.57
Show answer
a) b)
TRY IT 1.2
Write as the ratio of two integers: a) b) 8.41
Show answer
a) b)
Let’s look at the decimal form of the numbers we know are rational.
We have seen that every integer is a rational number, since for any integer, a. We can also change any integer to a decimal by adding a decimal point and a zero.
| Integer | -2 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Decimal form | -2.0 | -1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 |
| These decimal numbers stop. |
We have also seen that every fraction is a rational number. Look at the decimal form of the fractions we considered above.
| Ratio of integers | – | – | ||
| The decimal form | . | |||
| These decimals either stop or repeat. |
What do these examples tell us?
Every rational number can be written both as a ratio of integers, ,where p and q are integers and ,and as a decimal that either stops or repeats.
Here are the numbers we looked at above expressed as a ratio of integers and as a decimal:
| Fractions | Integers | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | ||||||||||
| Ratio of Integers | ||||||||||
| Decimal Form |
Rational Number
A rational number is a number of the form , where p and q are integers and .
Its decimal form stops or repeats.
Are there any decimals that do not stop or repeat? Yes!
The number (the Greek letter pi, pronounced “pie”), which is very important in describing circles, has a decimal form that does not stop or repeat.
.
We can even create a decimal pattern that does not stop or repeat, such as
Numbers whose decimal form does not stop or repeat cannot be written as a fraction of integers. We call these numbers irrational. More on irrational numbers later on is this course.
Irrational Number
An irrational number is a number that cannot be written as the ratio of two integers.
Its decimal form does not stop and does not repeat.
Let’s summarize a method we can use to determine whether a number is rational or irrational.
Rational or Irrational?
If the decimal form of a number
- repeats or stops, the number is rational.
- does not repeat and does not stop, the number is irrational
EXAMPLE 2
Given the numbers . list the a) rational numbers b) irrational numbers.
| a) Look for decimals that repeat or stop. |
The 3 repeats in . The decimal 0.47 stops after the 7. So and 0.47 are rational. |
| b) Look for decimals that neither stop nor repeat. |
has no repeating block of digits and it does not stop. So is irrational. |
TRY IT 2.1
For the given numbers list the a) rational numbers b) irrational numbers: .
Show answer
a) b)
TRY IT 2.2
For the given numbers list the a) rational numbers b) irrational numbers:
Show answer
a) b)
We have seen that all counting numbers are whole numbers, all whole numbers are integers, and all integers are rational numbers. The irrational numbers are numbers whose decimal form does not stop and does not repeat. When we put together the rational numbers and the irrational numbers, we get the set of real numbers.
Real Number
A real number is a number that is either rational or irrational.
All the numbers we use in algebra are real numbers. Figure 1 illustrates how the number sets we’ve discussed in this section fit together.
EXAMPLE 3
Given the numbers , list the a) whole numbers b) integers c) rational numbers d) irrational numbers e) real numbers.
a) Remember, the whole numbers are 0, 1, 2, 3, … So 0 and 8 are the only whole numbers given.
b) The integers are the whole numbers, their opposites, and 0. So the whole numbers 0 and 8 are integers, and is the opposite of a whole number so it is an integer,too. So the integers are .
c) Since all integers are rational, then , are rational. Rational numbers also include fractions and decimals that repeat or stop, so are rational. So the list of rational numbers is ,
d) Remember that 6.457… is a decimal that does not repeat and does not stop , so 6.457… is irrational.
e) All the numbers listed are real numbers.
TRY IT 3.1
For the given numbers, list the a) whole numbers b) integers c) rational numbers d) irrational numbers e) real numbers: .
Show answer
a) b) c) d) e)
TRY IT 3.2
For the given numbers, list the a) whole numbers b) integers c) rational numbers d) irrational numbers e) real numbers:
Show answer
a) b) c) d) e)
Locate Fractions on the Number Line
The last time we looked at the number line, it only had positive and negative integers on it. We now want to include fractions and decimals on it.
Let’s start with fractions and locate on the number line.
We’ll start with the whole numbers and . because they are the easiest to plot. See Figure 2.
The proper fractions listed are . We know the proper fraction has value less than one and so would be located between The denominator is 5, so we divide the unit from 0 to 1 into 5 equal parts . We plot . See Figure 2.
Similarly, is between 0 and . After dividing the unit into 5 equal parts we plot . See Figure 2.
Finally, look at the improper fractions . These are fractions in which the numerator is greater than the denominator. Locating these points may be easier if you change each of them to a mixed number. See Figure 2.
Figure 2 shows the number line with all the points plotted.
EXAMPLE 4
Locate and label the following on a number line: .
Locate and plot the integers, .
Locate the proper fraction first. The fraction is between 0 and 1. Divide the distance between 0 and 1 into four equal parts then, we plot . Similarly plot .
Now locate the improper fractions . It is easier to plot them if we convert them to mixed numbers and then plot them as described above: .
TRY IT 4.1
Locate and label the following on a number line: .
Show answer
TRY IT 4.2
Locate and label the following on a number line: .
Show answer
In Example 5, we’ll use the inequality symbols to order fractions. In previous chapters we used the number line to order numbers.
- a < b “a is less than b” when a is to the left of b on the number line
- a > b “a is greater than b” when a is to the right of b on the number line
As we move from left to right on a number line, the values increase.
EXAMPLE 5
Order each of the following pairs of numbers, using < or >. It may be helpful to refer Figure 3.
a) –____ b) -3____ c) ____ – d) ____ –
| a) – is to the right of on the number line. |
–___-1
– > -1 |
| b) – is to the right of on the number line. |
|
| c) is to the right of on the number line. |
|
| d) is to the right of on the number line. |
TRY IT 5.1
Order each of the following pairs of numbers, using < or >:
a) b) c) d) .
Show answer
a) > b) > c) < d) <
TRY IT 5.2
Order each of the following pairs of numbers, using < or >:
a) b) c) d) .
Show answer
a) < b) < c) > d) <
Locate Decimals on the Number Line
Since decimals are forms of fractions, locating decimals on the number line is similar to locating fractions on the number line.
EXAMPLE 6
Locate 0.4 on the number line.
A proper fraction has value less than one. The decimal number 0.4 is equivalent to , a proper fraction, so 0.4 is located between 0 and 1. On a number line, divide the interval between 0 and 1 into 10 equal parts. Now label the parts 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0. We write 0 as 0.0 and 1 and 1.0, so that the numbers are consistently in tenths. Finally, mark 0.4 on the number line. See Figure 4.
TRY IT 6.1
Locate on the number line: 0.6
Show answer
TRY IT 6.2
Locate on the number line: 0.9
Show answer
EXAMPLE 7
Locate on the number line.
The decimal is equivalent to , so it is located between 0 and . On a number line, mark off and label the hundredths in the interval between 0 and . See Figure 5.
TRY IT 7.1
Locate on the number line: .
Show answer
TRY IT 7.2
Locate on the number line: .
Show answer
Which is larger, 0.04 or 0.40? If you think of this as money, you know that ?0.40 (forty cents) is greater than ?0.04 (four cents). So,
>
Again, we can use the number line to order numbers.
- a < b “a is less than b” when a is to the left of b on the number line
- a > b “a is greater than b” when a is to the right of b on the number line
Where are 0.04 and 0.40 located on the number line? See Figure 6.
We see that 0.40 is to the right of 0.04 on the number line. This is another way to demonstrate that 0.40 > 0.04
How does 0.31 compare to 0.308? This doesn’t translate into money to make it easy to compare. But if we convert 0.31 and 0.308 into fractions, we can tell which is larger.
| 0.31 | 0.308 | |
| Convert to fractions. | ||
| We need a common denominator to compare them. | ||
Because 310 > 308, we know that > . Therefore, 0.31 > 0.308
Notice what we did in converting 0.31 to a fraction—we started with the fraction and ended with the equivalent fraction . Converting back to a decimal gives 0.310. So 0.31 is equivalent to 0.310. Writing zeros at the end of a decimal does not change its value!
We say 0.31 and 0.310 are equivalent decimals.
Equivalent Decimals
Two decimals are equivalent if they convert to equivalent fractions.
We use equivalent decimals when we order decimals.
The steps we take to order decimals are summarized here.
HOW TO: Order Decimals.
- Write the numbers one under the other, lining up the decimal points.
- Check to see if both numbers have the same number of digits. If not, write zeros at the end of the one with fewer digits to make them match.
- Compare the numbers as if they were whole numbers.
- Order the numbers using the appropriate inequality sign.
EXAMPLE 8
Order using < or >.
| Write the numbers one under the other, lining up the decimal points. | |
| Add a zero to 0.6 to make it a decimal with 2 decimal places. Now they are both hundredths. |
|
| 64 is greater than 60. | > |
| 64 hundredths is greater than 60 hundredths. | > |
| > |
TRY IT 8.1
Order each of the following pairs of numbers, using > .
Show answer
>
TRY IT 8.2
Order each of the following pairs of numbers, using > .
Show answer
>
EXAMPLE 9
Order using < or >.
| Write the numbers one under the other, lining up the decimals. | |
| They do not have the same number of digits. Write one zero at the end of 0.83. |
|
| Since > , 830 thousandths is greater than 803 thousandths. | > |
| > |
TRY IT 9.1
Order the following pair of numbers, using > .
Show answer
>
TRY IT 9.2
Order the following pair of numbers, using < > .
Show answer
<
When we order negative decimals, it is important to remember how to order negative integers. Recall that larger numbers are to the right on the number line. For example, because lies to the right of on the number line, we know that > . Similarly, smaller numbers lie to the left on the number line. For example, because lies to the left of on the number line, we know that . See Figure 7.
If we zoomed in on the interval between 0 and , as shown in Example 10, we would see in the same way that > .
EXAMPLE 10
Use < or > to order .
| Write the numbers one under the other, lining up the decimal points. They have the same number of digits. |
|
| Since > , −1 tenth is greater than −8 tenths. | > |
TRY IT 10.1
Order the following pair of numbers, using < or >: .
Show answer
>
TRY IT 10.2
Order the following pair of numbers, using < or >: .
Show answer
>
Key Concepts
- Order Decimals
- Write the numbers one under the other, lining up the decimal points.
- Check to see if both numbers have the same number of digits. If not, write zeros at the end of the one with fewer digits to make them match.
- Compare the numbers as if they were whole numbers.
- Order the numbers using the appropriate inequality sign.
Glossary
- equivalent decimals
- Two decimals are equivalent if they convert to equivalent fractions.
- irrational number
- An irrational number is a number that cannot be written as the ratio of two integers. Its decimal form does not stop and does not repeat.
- rational number
- A rational number is a number of the form , where p and q are integers and . A rational number can be written as the ratio of two integers. Its decimal form stops or repeats.
- real number
- A real number is a number that is either rational or irrational.
Practice Makes Perfect
-
Identify Integers, Rational Numbers, Irrational Numbers, and Real Numbers
In the following exercises, write as the ratio of two integers.
1. a) 5 b) 3.19 2. a) 8 b) 1.61 3. a) b) 9.279 4. a) b) 4.399 In the following exercises, list the a) rational numbers, b) irrational numbers5. 6. 7. 8. In the following exercises, list the a) whole numbers, b) integers, c) rational numbers, d) irrational numbers, e) real numbers for each set of numbers.9. 10. 11. 12. Locate Fractions on the Number Line
In the following exercises, locate the numbers on a number line.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. In the following exercises, order each of the pairs of numbers, using < or >.21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Locate Decimals on the Number Line In the following exercises, locate the number on the number line.29. 0.8 30. 31. 32. 3.1 In the following exercises, order each pair of numbers, using < or >.33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Everyday Math
41. Field trip. All the 5th graders at Lord Selkirk Elementary School will go on a field trip to the science museum. Counting all the children, teachers, and chaperones, there will be 147 people. Each bus holds 44 people.
a) How many buses will be needed?
b) Why must the answer be a whole number?
c) Why shouldn’t you round the answer the usual way, by choosing the whole number closest to the exact answer?42. Child care. Serena wants to open a licensed child care center. Her state requires there be no more than 12 children for each teacher. She would like her child care centre to serve 40 children.
a) How many teachers will be needed?
b) Why must the answer be a whole number?
c) Why shouldn’t you round the answer the usual way, by choosing the whole number closest to the exact answer?Writing Exercises
43. In your own words, explain the difference between a rational number and an irrational number. 44. Explain how the sets of numbers (counting, whole, integer, rational, irrationals, reals) are related to each other.
Answers
| 1. a) b) | 3. a) b) | 5. a) b) |
| 7. a) b) | 9. a) b) c) d) e) | 11. a) none b) c) -7, d) none e) |
| 13. | 15. | 17. |
| 19. | 21. < | 23. > |
| 25. > | 27. < | 29. |
| 31. | 33. < | 35. > |
| 37. < | 39. < | 41. a) 4 buses b) answers may vary c) answers may vary |
| 43. Answers may vary. |
Attributions
This chapter has been adapted from “The Real Numbers” in Elementary Algebra (OpenStax) by Lynn Marecek and MaryAnne Anthony-Smith, which is under a CC BY 4.0 Licence. Adapted by Izabela Mazur. See the Copyright page for more information.