Chapter 12 Geological Structures

12.4 Measuring Geological Structures

Geologists take great pains to measure and record geological structures because they are critically important to understanding the geological history of a region. One of the key features to measure is the orientation, or , of bedding. We know that sedimentary beds are deposited in horizontal layers, so if the layers are no longer horizontal, then we can infer that they have been affected by tectonic forces and have become either tilted, or folded. We can express the orientation of a bed (or any other planar feature) with two values: first, the compass orientation of a horizontal line on the surface—the —and second, the angle at which the surface dips below a horizontal plane, (perpendicular to the strike)—the (Figure 12.4.1).

It may help to imagine a vertical surface, such as a wall in your house. The strike is the compass orientation of the wall and the dip is 90˚ from horizontal. If you could push the wall so it’s leaning over, but still attached to the floor, the strike direction would be the same, but the dip angle would be less than 90˚. If you pushed the wall over completely so it was lying on the floor, it would no longer have a strike direction and its dip would be 0˚. When describing the dip it is important to include the direction. In other words. if the strike is 0˚ (i.e., north) and the dip is 30˚, it would be necessary to say “to the west” or “to the east.”  Similarly if the strike is 45˚ (i.e., northeast) and the dip is 60˚, it would be necessary to say “to the northwest” or “to the southeast.”

Figure 12.4.1  A depiction of the strike and dip of some tilted sedimentary beds.  The dipping beds are shown partially covered with water so that you can visualize a horizontal line on the rock surface. The notation for expressing strike and dip on a map is also shown.

Measurement of geological features is done with a special compass that has a built-in clinometer—a device for measuring vertical angles. An example of how this is done is shown on Figure 12.4.2.

Figure 12.4.2 Measuring the compass direction of the strike (left) and the vertical angle of the dip (right) using a compass with a clinometer.

Strike and dip are also used to describe any other planar features, including joints, faults, dykes, sills, and even the foliation planes in metamorphic rocks. Figure 12.4.3 shows an example of how we would depict the beds that make up an anticline on a map.

Figure 12.4.3 A depiction of an antiform and a dyke in cross-section (looking from the side) and in map view (a.k.a. plan view) with the appropriate strike-dip and antiform symbols.

The beds on the west (left) side of the map are dipping at various angles to the west. The beds on the east side are dipping to the east. The middle bed (light grey) is horizontal; this is denoted by a cross within a circle. The dyke is dipping at 80˚ to the west. The hinge of the fold is denoted with a dashed line with two arrows that point away from it.  If it was a synform, the arrows would point towards the line.

Exercise 12.3 Putting strike and dip on a map

Figure 12.4.4

This cross-section shows seven tilted sedimentary layers (a to g), a fault, and a steeply dipping dyke. Place strike and dip symbols on the map to indicate the orientations of the beds shown, the fault, and the dyke. Then answer the questions.

  1. What type of fault is this, and is this an extensional or compressional situation?
  2. What are the relative ages of the nine geological features shown here (seven beds, dyke, and fault)? Which are the youngest and oldest?

See Appendix 3 for Exercise 12.3 answers.

Media Attributions

  • Figures 12.4.1, 12.4.2, 12.4.3, 12.4.4: © Steven Earle. CC BY.

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Physical Geology - 2nd Edition by Steven Earle is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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